Field-free remobilization of proteins after isoelectric focusing in packed capillaries.

Pressure-driven remobilization without an applied electric field is shown to be possible with capillary isoelectric focusing using packed capillaries. The capillary dimensions are 100 μm i.d. and 2 cm in length, and the packing is made of 0.9 μm nonporous silica particles that are chemically modified with a brush layer of polyacrylamide. Both reversible and irreversible adsorption are shown to be negligible. The packed capillaries eliminate the problem of unwanted hydrodynamic flow between reservoirs. Three proteins are focused: trypsin inhibitor, carbonic anhydrase II, and myoglobin. The time required for focusing in the packed capillaries is increased by only a factor of 2 compared to the open capillary, giving complete focusing in less than 15 min at 200 V/cm. The packed capillaries allow the use of higher electric fields, with resolution continually increasing up to at least 1500 V/cm. The packing obstructs diffusional broadening after the field is turned off: for trypsin inhibitor, D = 6.1(±0.3) × 10(-8) cm(2)/s for the packed capillary vs D = 28.8(±0.3) × 10(-8) cm(2)/s for the open capillary. The broadening contributed by the packing during remobilization is from eddy diffusion, and it is described by its plate height, H, which is the variance per unit length: H = σ(2)/L = 0.64 μm. This limits the resolution to 0.1 pH units for the 2 cm capillary having a pH range of 3-10, giving a theoretical peak capacity of 47.