A rapid and optimization-free procedure allows the in vivo detection of subtle cell cycle and ploidy alterations in tissues by flow cytometry.

Cell cycle alterations are fundamental to many physiological processes but their detection has proven difficult when cells are in the context of a tissue structure. Here we describe an easy, rapid and optimization-free procedure for obtaining high resolution cell cycle profiles from nearly all tissue types derived from mouse, human and sheep. Using a standardized and non-enzymatic procedure that is universally suitable for soft, solid and epithelial tissues alike, we reproducibly obtain cell cycle profiles of highest quality with half peak coefficients of variation below 2.0. We are able to reduce preparation-derived debris to almost zero and efficiently exclude doublets, but retain multinucleated cells and apoptotic subG1-fragments. Applying this technique, we determine DNA-indices as small as 1.09 in tumor samples containing large necrotic areas and follow ploidy changes within different sections of individual tumors. Moreover, we examine tissue-specific cell cycle arrest and apoptosis as an in vivo stress response caused by radiation of mice. This method significantly improves the quality of DNA content analysis in tissues and extends the spectrum of applications. It allows assessing changes in ploidy, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis/necrosis in vivo and should be instrumental in all research that involves experimental animal models and/or patient biopsies.