J E Lye1, D J Butler, D V Webb. 1. Australian Radiation and Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, Yallambie, Melbourne, Australia. jessica.lye@arpansa.gov.au
Abstract
PURPOSE: To investigate and quantify electron contamination from the lead cutouts used in kilovoltage x-ray radiotherapy. METHODS: The lead cutouts were modeled with the Monte Carlo EGSnrc user codes DOSXYZnrc and DOSRZnrc for x-ray beams ranging from 50 to 300 kVp. The results from the model were confirmed with Gafchromic film measurements. The model and measurements investigated the dose distribution with and without gladwrap shielding under the lead, and dose distributions with round, square, and serrated edge cutouts. RESULTS: Large dose enhancement near the edges of the lead was observed due to electron contamination. At the epidermal/dermal border, there is double the dose at the edge of the lead compared to the central dose due to electron contamination for a 150 kVp beam and three times the dose for a 300 kVp beam. gladwrapTM shielding effectively removes the contaminant dose enhancement using ten and four layers for 300 and 150 kVp beams, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The contaminant dose enhancement is undesirable as it could cause unnecessary erythema and hyperpigmentation at the border of the treated and untreated skin and lead to a poorer cosmetic outcome. The contamination is easily removed by gladwrap shielding placed under or around the lead cutout.
PURPOSE: To investigate and quantify electron contamination from the lead cutouts used in kilovoltage x-ray radiotherapy. METHODS: The lead cutouts were modeled with the Monte Carlo EGSnrc user codes DOSXYZnrc and DOSRZnrc for x-ray beams ranging from 50 to 300 kVp. The results from the model were confirmed with Gafchromic film measurements. The model and measurements investigated the dose distribution with and without gladwrap shielding under the lead, and dose distributions with round, square, and serrated edge cutouts. RESULTS: Large dose enhancement near the edges of the lead was observed due to electron contamination. At the epidermal/dermal border, there is double the dose at the edge of the lead compared to the central dose due to electron contamination for a 150 kVp beam and three times the dose for a 300 kVp beam. gladwrapTM shielding effectively removes the contaminant dose enhancement using ten and four layers for 300 and 150 kVp beams, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The contaminant dose enhancement is undesirable as it could cause unnecessary erythema and hyperpigmentation at the border of the treated and untreated skin and lead to a poorer cosmetic outcome. The contamination is easily removed by gladwrap shielding placed under or around the lead cutout.
Authors: Michael P Grams; Zachary C Wilson; Terence T Sio; Chris J Beltran; Erik J Tryggestad; Shiv K Gupta; Charles R Blackwell; Kevin P McCollough; Jann N Sarkaria; Keith M Furutani Journal: Int J Radiat Biol Date: 2014-06-25 Impact factor: 2.694