The engine driving the ship: metabolic steering of cell proliferation and death.

Metabolic activity is a crucial determinant of a cell's decision to proliferate or die. Although it is not fully understood how metabolic pathways such as glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway communicate to cell cycle and apoptotic effectors, it is clear that a complex network of signalling molecules is required to integrate metabolic inputs. D-type cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, the anaphase-promoting complex, p53, caspase 2 and B cell lymphoma 2 proteins, among others, have been shown to be regulated by metabolic crosstalk. Elucidating these pathways is of great importance, as metabolic aberrations and their downstream effects are known to contribute to the aetiology of cancer and degenerative disorders.