Protection of pancreatic beta-cells by group VIA phospholipase A(2)-mediated repair of mitochondrial membrane peroxidation.

Mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species and oxidation of cardiolipin are key events in initiating apoptosis. We reported that group VIA Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)beta) localizes in and protects beta-cell mitochondria from oxidative damage during staurosporine-induced apoptosis. Here, we used iPLA(2)beta-null (iPLA(2)beta(-/-)) mice to investigate the role of iPLA(2)beta in the repair of mitochondrial membranes. We show that islets isolated from iPLA(2)beta(-/-) mice are more sensitive to staurosporine-induced apoptosis than those from wild-type littermates and that 2 wk of daily ip administration of staurosporine to iPLA(2)beta(-/-) mice impairs both the animals' glucose tolerance and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by their pancreatic islets. Moreover, the iPLA(2)beta inhibitor bromoenol lactone caused mitochondrial membrane peroxidation and cytochrome c release, and these effects were reversed by N-acetyl cysteine. The mitochondrial antioxidant N-t-butyl hydroxylamine blocked staurosporine-induced cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation in iPLA(2)beta(-/-) islets. Furthermore, the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential in INS-1 insulinoma cells caused by high glucose and fatty acid levels was attenuated by overexpressing iPLA(2)beta. Interestingly, iPLA(2)beta was expressed only at low levels in islet beta-cells from obesity- and diabetes-prone db/db mice. These findings support the hypothesis that iPLA(2)beta is important in repairing oxidized mitochondrial membrane components (e.g. cardiolipin) and that this prevents cytochrome c release in response to stimuli that otherwise induce apoptosis. The low iPLA(2)beta expression level in db/db mouse beta-cells may render them vulnerable to injury by reactive oxygen species.