BACKGROUND: The involvement of carbohydrates in triggering insulin resistance (IR) remains a source of controversy. AIM OF THE STUDY: To study the relation between glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and fructose with insulin resistance in a predominantly rural population in the Canary Islands. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out in 668 nondiabetic people aged 18-75. IR was estimated with serum glucose and C-peptide (HOMA2-IR). Nutrient intakes were obtained from a validated food frequency questionnaire. ANOVA was used to analyze nutrient distribution across quartiles of HOMA2-IR. Four multivariate nutrient density models (dependent variable: log-transformed HOMA2-IR) which differed only in the kinds of carbohydrates included were tested (Model 1: carbohydrates; Model 2: GI and then GL; Model 3: free fructose, other simple sugars and starch; Model 4: total fructose, remaining sugars and starch). RESULTS: There was no association between GI and IR. There was a direct association between GL (P < 0.001), fructose (free [P = 0.001], total [P = 0.013]), energy intake (P < 0.001), fruit fiber (<0.001), and glucose (P = 0.003) with IR. There was an inverse association between cereal (P = 0.008) and vegetable fiber (P < 0.001) and IR. Multivariate models corroborated the association of carbohydrates, GL, fructose, vegetable fiber, and energy intake with IR. The association between GL and IR disappeared when Model 2 was adjusted by total fructose intake. CONCLUSIONS: There was a direct association between fructose intake and IR. There was no relationship between GI and IR. Although a direct association of GL with IR was detected, it was attributable to the consumption of fructose.
BACKGROUND: The involvement of carbohydrates in triggering insulin resistance (IR) remains a source of controversy. AIM OF THE STUDY: To study the relation between glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and fructose with insulin resistance in a predominantly rural population in the Canary Islands. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out in 668 nondiabetic people aged 18-75. IR was estimated with serum glucose and C-peptide (HOMA2-IR). Nutrient intakes were obtained from a validated food frequency questionnaire. ANOVA was used to analyze nutrient distribution across quartiles of HOMA2-IR. Four multivariate nutrient density models (dependent variable: log-transformed HOMA2-IR) which differed only in the kinds of carbohydrates included were tested (Model 1: carbohydrates; Model 2: GI and then GL; Model 3: free fructose, other simple sugars and starch; Model 4: total fructose, remaining sugars and starch). RESULTS: There was no association between GI and IR. There was a direct association between GL (P < 0.001), fructose (free [P = 0.001], total [P = 0.013]), energy intake (P < 0.001), fruit fiber (<0.001), and glucose (P = 0.003) with IR. There was an inverse association between cereal (P = 0.008) and vegetable fiber (P < 0.001) and IR. Multivariate models corroborated the association of carbohydrates, GL, fructose, vegetable fiber, and energy intake with IR. The association between GL and IR disappeared when Model 2 was adjusted by total fructose intake. CONCLUSIONS: There was a direct association between fructose intake and IR. There was no relationship between GI and IR. Although a direct association of GL with IR was detected, it was attributable to the consumption of fructose.
Authors: S Liu; W C Willett; M J Stampfer; F B Hu; M Franz; L Sampson; C H Hennekens; J E Manson Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2000-06 Impact factor: 7.045
Authors: Ali H Mokdad; Earl S Ford; Barbara A Bowman; William H Dietz; Frank Vinicor; Virginia S Bales; James S Marks Journal: JAMA Date: 2003-01-01 Impact factor: 56.272
Authors: J Salmerón; A Ascherio; E B Rimm; G A Colditz; D Spiegelman; D J Jenkins; M J Stampfer; A L Wing; W C Willett Journal: Diabetes Care Date: 1997-04 Impact factor: 19.112
Authors: F Soriguer; G Rojo-Martínez; M C Almaraz; I Esteva; M S Ruiz de Adana; S Morcillo; S Valdés; E García-Fuentes; E García-Escobar; I Cardona; J M Gomez-Zumaquero; G Olveira-Fuster Journal: Eur J Clin Invest Date: 2008-02 Impact factor: 4.686
Authors: Kimber L Stanhope; Steven C Griffen; Andrew A Bremer; Roel G Vink; Ernst J Schaefer; Katsuyuki Nakajima; Jean-Marc Schwarz; Carine Beysen; Lars Berglund; Nancy L Keim; Peter J Havel Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2011-05-25 Impact factor: 7.045
Authors: Jiantao Ma; Paul F Jacques; James B Meigs; Caroline S Fox; Gail T Rogers; Caren E Smith; Adela Hruby; Edward Saltzman; Nicola M McKeown Journal: J Nutr Date: 2016-11-09 Impact factor: 4.798
Authors: Adam M Bernstein; Brigid Titgemeier; Kristin Kirkpatrick; Mladen Golubic; Michael F Roizen Journal: Nutrients Date: 2013-04-29 Impact factor: 5.717