Juliana Almeida-de-Souza1,2, Rute Santos3,4,5, Luis Lopes3, Sandra Abreu3, Carla Moreira3, Patrícia Padrão6,7, Jorge Mota3, Pedro Moreira6,3,7. 1. School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Av. D. Afonso V, 5300-121, Bragança, Portugal. julianaalmeida@ipb.pt. 2. Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. julianaalmeida@ipb.pt. 3. Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. 4. Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia. 5. University Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal. 6. Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. 7. Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Abstract
PURPOSE: The dietary guidelines for the consumption of a variety of fruits and vegetables have been recognized as an important factor for achieving healthy eating patterns to reduce the risk of chronic disease throughout the lifespan. Our aim is to assess the association between fruit and vegetable variety and low-grade inflammation in adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional analysis was conducted with 412 adolescents (ages 14.4 ± 1.7 years; 52% girls). The consumption of a variety of fruits and vegetables was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire, considering the number of individual/category of fruit or vegetable intake at least once month, and categorized into tertiles. Blood samples were collected to determine C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), complement component 3 (C3), and 4 (C4). We created categories of lower or higher (inflammatory state) for each biomarker, considering sex- and age-adjusted median values. Then, we computed an overall inflammatory score, by adding all points awarded wherein one point was assigned if biomarker was higher or zero if lower, and created categories of 0-1 or 2-4 biomarkers above the median. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% interval confidence (95% CI) were calculated from binary logistic regression to estimate the magnitude of association between fruit and vegetable variety and inflammatory biomarkers. RESULTS: Adolescents with a greater variety of vegetable consumption (≥13 categories/month) had lower odds of having a higher CRP (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.15-0.64, p trend = 0.004) when compared to those with lower variety consumption (≤6 categories/month), independent of vegetable quantity intake. However, a greater variety of fruit consumption (≥12 categories/month) had higher odds of having a higher IL-6 (OR 4.41, 95% CI 1.67-11.71, p trend = 0.012), C3 (OR 3.30, 95% CI 1.23-8.86, p trend = 0.047), and inflammatory score (OR 4.90, 95% CI 1.62-14.86, p trend = 0.017), when compared to those with lower variety consumption (≤9 categories/month), independent of fruit quantity intake, only for girls. CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of a variety of vegetables is inversely associated with lower CRP. This finding supports the current dietary guidelines regarding the consumption of a variety of vegetables. The role of fruit variety in low-grade inflammation should be further studied.
PURPOSE: The dietary guidelines for the consumption of a variety of fruits and vegetables have been recognized as an important factor for achieving healthy eating patterns to reduce the risk of chronic disease throughout the lifespan. Our aim is to assess the association between fruit and vegetable variety and low-grade inflammation in adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional analysis was conducted with 412 adolescents (ages 14.4 ± 1.7 years; 52% girls). The consumption of a variety of fruits and vegetables was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire, considering the number of individual/category of fruit or vegetable intake at least once month, and categorized into tertiles. Blood samples were collected to determine C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), complement component 3 (C3), and 4 (C4). We created categories of lower or higher (inflammatory state) for each biomarker, considering sex- and age-adjusted median values. Then, we computed an overall inflammatory score, by adding all points awarded wherein one point was assigned if biomarker was higher or zero if lower, and created categories of 0-1 or 2-4 biomarkers above the median. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% interval confidence (95% CI) were calculated from binary logistic regression to estimate the magnitude of association between fruit and vegetable variety and inflammatory biomarkers. RESULTS: Adolescents with a greater variety of vegetable consumption (≥13 categories/month) had lower odds of having a higher CRP (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.15-0.64, p trend = 0.004) when compared to those with lower variety consumption (≤6 categories/month), independent of vegetable quantity intake. However, a greater variety of fruit consumption (≥12 categories/month) had higher odds of having a higher IL-6 (OR 4.41, 95% CI 1.67-11.71, p trend = 0.012), C3 (OR 3.30, 95% CI 1.23-8.86, p trend = 0.047), and inflammatory score (OR 4.90, 95% CI 1.62-14.86, p trend = 0.017), when compared to those with lower variety consumption (≤9 categories/month), independent of fruit quantity intake, only for girls. CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of a variety of vegetables is inversely associated with lower CRP. This finding supports the current dietary guidelines regarding the consumption of a variety of vegetables. The role of fruit variety in low-grade inflammation should be further studied.
Authors: D Martinez-Gomez; J C Eisenmann; J Wärnberg; S Gomez-Martinez; A Veses; O L Veiga; A Marcos Journal: Int J Obes (Lond) Date: 2010-06-08 Impact factor: 5.095
Authors: Frederike L Büchner; H Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita; Martine M Ros; Ellen Kampman; Lars Egevad; Kim Overvad; Anne Tjønneland; Nina Roswall; Françoise Clavel-Chapelon; Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault; Marina Touillaud; Rudolf Kaaks; Jenny Chang-Claude; Heiner Boeing; Steffen Weikert; Antonia Trichopoulou; Ada Naska; Vicky Benetou; Domenico Palli; Sabina Sieri; Paolo Vineis; Rosario Tumino; Salvatore Panico; Fränzel J B van Duijnhoven; Petra H M Peeters; Carla H van Gils; Eiliv Lund; Inger T Gram; Maria-José Sánchez; Paula Jakszyn; Nerea Larrañaga; Eva Ardanaz; Carmen Navarro; Laudina Rodríguez; Jonas Manjer; Roy Ehrnström; Göran Hallmans; Börje Ljungberg; Tim J Key; Naomi E Allen; Kay-Tee Khaw; Nicholas Wareham; Nadia Slimani; Mazda Jenab; Paolo Boffetta; Lambertus A L M Kiemeney; Elio Riboli Journal: Int J Cancer Date: 2010-10-26 Impact factor: 7.396
Authors: Ahmad Esmaillzadeh; Masoud Kimiagar; Yadollah Mehrabi; Leila Azadbakht; Frank B Hu; Walter C Willett Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2006-12 Impact factor: 7.045
Authors: Andrew J Cooper; Stephen J Sharp; Marleen A H Lentjes; Robert N Luben; Kay-Tee Khaw; Nicholas J Wareham; Nita G Forouhi Journal: Diabetes Care Date: 2012-04-03 Impact factor: 19.112
Authors: Lauren C Blekkenhorst; Joshua R Lewis; Catherine P Bondonno; Marc Sim; Amanda Devine; Kun Zhu; Wai H Lim; Richard J Woodman; Lawrence J Beilin; Peter L Thompson; Richard L Prince; Jonathan M Hodgson Journal: Eur J Nutr Date: 2019-01-17 Impact factor: 5.614
Authors: Nitin Shivappa; Justyna Godos; James R Hébert; Michael D Wirth; Gabriele Piuri; Attilio F Speciani; Giuseppe Grosso Journal: Nutrients Date: 2018-02-12 Impact factor: 5.717