Identification of a strong enhancer element upstream from the pregenomic RNA start site of the duck hepatitis B virus genome.

The genome of the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) contains an enhancer element. This sequence, of 192 bp, is located in the 3'-terminal coding region of the DNA polymerase gene (nucleotides 2159 to 2351), upstream from the pregenomic RNA start site. This enhancer potentiates a marked increased activity from the heterologous thymidine kinase promoter in an orientation-independent manner and at a proximal, as well as a distal, location. The DHBV enhancer activates transcription in a relatively cell-type-independent manner. Sequence homologies with the nuclear factor EF-C binding site are located in the DHBV enhancer. By using the HepG2 nuclear extracts and the DHBV enhancer as probes, a complex was observed in mobility shift assays.