Origins of catalysis by computationally designed retroaldolase enzymes.

We have investigated recently reported computationally designed retroaldolase enzymes with the goal of understanding the extent and the origins of their catalytic power. Direct comparison of the designed enzymes to primary amine catalysts in solution revealed a rate acceleration of 10(5)-fold for the most active of the designed retroaldolases. Through pH-rate studies of the designed retroaldolases and evaluation of a Brønsted correlation for a series of amine catalysts, we found that lysine pK(a) values are shifted by 3-4 units in the enzymes but that the catalytic contributions from the shifted pK(a) values are estimated to be modest, about 10-fold. For the most active of the reported enzymes, we evaluated the catalytic contribution of two other design components: a motif intended to stabilize a bound water molecule and hydrophobic substrate binding interactions. Mutational analysis suggested that the bound water motif does not contribute to the rate acceleration. Comparison of the rate acceleration of the designed substrate relative to a minimal substrate suggested that hydrophobic substrate binding interactions contribute around 10(3)-fold to the enzymatic rate acceleration. Altogether, these results suggest that substrate binding interactions and shifting the pK(a) of the catalytic lysine can account for much of the enzyme's rate acceleration. Additional observations suggest that these interactions are limited in the specificity of placement of substrate and active site catalytic groups. Thus, future design efforts may benefit from a focus on achieving precision in binding interactions and placement of catalytic groups.