Virtual patient simulator for the perfusion resource management drill.

Perfusionists require a detailed understanding of a patient's physiological status while comprehending the mechanics and engineering of the cardiopulmonary bypass system, so it is beneficial for them to obtain relevant practical skills using extracorporeal circulation technology and educational physiological simulators. We designed a perfusion simulator system (ECCSIM: Extracorporeal Circulation SIMulator system) based on a hybrid of a simple hydraulic mock circulation loop linked to a computer simulation model. Patient physiological conditions (height, weight, and cardiac indices) were determined by a parameter estimation procedure and used to accurately reproduce hemodynamic conditions. Extracorporeal circulation trainees in pre-clinical education were able to maintain venous oxygen saturation levels above 50%, except during cardiac standstill and a brief resumption of pulsation. Infant amplitudes of reservoir volume oscillation and flow rate were greatly increased compared with adult cardiovascular parameters, this enabled the instructor to control the difficulty level of the operation using different hemodynamic variations. High-fidelity simulator systems with controllable difficulty levels and high physiological reproducibility are useful in constructing a perfusion resource management environment that enable basic training and periodic crisis management drills to be performed.