A comparison of the temporal weighting of annoyance and loudness.

The influence of single temporal portions of a sound on global annoyance and loudness judgments was measured using perceptual weight analysis. The stimuli were 900-ms noise samples randomly changing in level every 100 ms. For loudness judgments, Pedersen and Ellermeier [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 123, 963-972 (2008)] found that listeners attach greater weight to the beginning and ending than to the middle of a stimulus. Qualitatively similar weights were expected for annoyance. Annoyance and loudness judgments were obtained from 12 listeners in a two-interval forced-choice task. The results demonstrated a primacy effect for the temporal weighting of both annoyance and loudness. However, a significant recency effect was observed only for annoyance. Potential explanations of these weighting patterns are discussed. Goodness-of-fit analysis showed that the prediction of annoyance and loudness can be improved by allowing a non-uniform weighting of single temporal portions of the signal, rather than assuming a uniform weighting as in measures like the energy-equivalent level (L(eq)). A second experiment confirmed that the listeners were capable of separating annoyance and loudness of the stimuli. Noises with the same L(eq) but different amplitude modulation depths were judged to differ in annoyance but not in loudness.