Effects of variable training, signaled and unsignaled delays, and d-amphetamine on delay-discounting functions.

One common procedure for obtaining delay-discounting functions consists of a choice between a larger reinforcer that is presented after an increasing delay and a smaller reinforcer that is always presented immediately within session. Repeating the same context of delay presentation (e.g. ascending delay order) in a discrete-choice paradigm, however, may lead to a perseverative response pattern when rats are used as subjects. The purpose of this study was to increase the variability in delay presentation (i.e. ascending and descending delays) in an attempt to reduce a perseverative response pattern and gain tighter control over choice by reinforcer amount and delay. For one group of rats (n = 8), delays to reinforcer presentation were differentially signaled by a flashing houselight and for one group of rats (n = 8) the delays were unsignaled. Effects of delay signal and d-amphetamine on choice were evaluated in both groups. Similar rates of delay discounting and area under the curve (AUC) were observed with both ascending and descending delay presentations and with signaled and unsignaled delays to reinforcement. Increasing the variability in delay order resulted in differences in the choice pattern during 0-s probe sessions. d-Amphetamine had little or no effect on AUC at low doses, but decreased AUC at the highest doses tested, that is, 1.0 and 1.7 mg/kg. Some of the changes in AUC after d-amphetamine administration may have been because of disruption in discrimination of the different food amounts.