Ethical and practical challenges surrounding genetic and genomic research in developing countries.

The nature of some potential benefits and risks associated with genetic research is different from the types of potential benefits and risks associated with other types of health research such as clinical trials and biomedical research involving humans. Whereas most potential risks associated with biomedical research or clinical trials are mainly biological in nature, potential risks associated with genetic research are mainly of socioeconomic nature. Although the peculiarity of some of the aspects of genetic research and the complexity of the science involved are acknowledged, the extent to which these characteristics hinder firstly disclosure of information to participants and their communities and secondly comprehension of the disclosed information is a practical challenge that tends to be exaggerated in some cases. In this article, a brief overview of the various types of genetic research will be given in order to set the scene for some ethical and practical issues surrounding the research in developing countries that will be discussed subsequently. Case studies that illustrate some of the ethical and practical issues flagged will be given, followed by suggestions on possible ways of tackling some of the challenges in developing country settings. Nevertheless, genetic and genomic research could go a long way in providing knowledge that could be useful in the development of drugs and vaccines for many diseases affecting the developing countries.