Fully integrated microfluidic platform enabling automated phosphoprofiling of macrophage response.

The ability to monitor cell signaling events is crucial to the understanding of immune defense against invading pathogens. Conventional analytical techniques such as flow cytometry, microscopy, and Western blot are powerful tools for signaling studies. Nevertheless, each approach is currently stand-alone and limited by multiple time-consuming and labor-intensive steps. In addition, these techniques do not provide correlated signaling information on total intracellular protein abundance and subcellular protein localization. We report on a novel phosphoFlow Chip (pFC) that relies on monolithic microfluidic technology to rapidly conduct signaling studies. The pFC platform integrates cell stimulation and preparation, microscopy, and subsequent flow cytometry. pFC allows host-pathogen phosphoprofiling in 30 min with an order of magnitude reduction in the consumption of reagents. For pFC validation, we monitor the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2 and p38 in response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of murine macrophage cells (RAW 264.7). pFC permits ERK1/2 phosphorylation monitoring starting at 5 s after LPS stimulation, with phosphorylation observed at 5 min. In addition, ERK1/2 phosphorylation is correlated with subsequent recruitment into the nucleus, as observed from fluorescence microscopy performed on cells upstream of flow cytometric analysis. The fully integrated cell handling has the added advantage of reduced cell aggregation and cell loss, with no detectable cell activation. The pFC approach is a step toward unified, automated infrastructure for high-throughput systems biology.