BACKGROUND: Smoking is a severe risk factor for periodontal health in adults, but data on the effect of smoking on periodontal health in teenage populations are sparse. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of duration and quantity of smoking on periodontal health in teenagers and possible differences between genders. METHODS: The oral health of 501 adolescents (15- to 16-year-old boys [n = 258] and girls [n = 243]) was examined. A structured questionnaire about self-reported smoking and health habits was filled out, and bitewing x-rays were taken. Clinical examinations included measuring periodontal indexes, such as visible plaque index, bleeding on probing, root calculus (RC), probing depth, and attachment loss. Results were analyzed by generalized linear logistic regression. RESULTS: Twenty-five percent of boys and 27% of girls were smokers. The boys and girls who smoked had higher RC values than non-smokers (P <0.001). The adjusted scores for smoking boys and girls were 17.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.6 to 31.7) and 13.6 (95% CI: 5.5 to 29.7), respectively. The adjusted scores for non-smokers were 10.4 (95% CI: 5.7 to 18.3) and 7.7 (95% CI: 3.3 to 17.3), respectively. Smoking boys and girls also had more periodontal pockets > or =4 mm than non-smokers: the score for boys was 4.6 (95% CI: 2.2 to 9.1), and the score for girls was 5.4 (95% CI: 1.1 to 23.2; P <0.001). CONCLUSION: Smoking significantly impaired periodontal health in teenagers.
BACKGROUND: Smoking is a severe risk factor for periodontal health in adults, but data on the effect of smoking on periodontal health in teenage populations are sparse. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of duration and quantity of smoking on periodontal health in teenagers and possible differences between genders. METHODS: The oral health of 501 adolescents (15- to 16-year-old boys [n = 258] and girls [n = 243]) was examined. A structured questionnaire about self-reported smoking and health habits was filled out, and bitewing x-rays were taken. Clinical examinations included measuring periodontal indexes, such as visible plaque index, bleeding on probing, root calculus (RC), probing depth, and attachment loss. Results were analyzed by generalized linear logistic regression. RESULTS: Twenty-five percent of boys and 27% of girls were smokers. The boys and girls who smoked had higher RC values than non-smokers (P <0.001). The adjusted scores for smoking boys and girls were 17.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.6 to 31.7) and 13.6 (95% CI: 5.5 to 29.7), respectively. The adjusted scores for non-smokers were 10.4 (95% CI: 5.7 to 18.3) and 7.7 (95% CI: 3.3 to 17.3), respectively. Smoking boys and girls also had more periodontal pockets > or =4 mm than non-smokers: the score for boys was 4.6 (95% CI: 2.2 to 9.1), and the score for girls was 5.4 (95% CI: 1.1 to 23.2; P <0.001). CONCLUSION: Smoking significantly impaired periodontal health in teenagers.
Authors: Ahmad M Al-Bashaireh; Linda G Haddad; Michael Weaver; Debra Lynch Kelly; Xing Chengguo; Saunjoo Yoon Journal: J Environ Public Health Date: 2018-07-11
Authors: Anna Maria Heikkinen; Janne Pitkäniemi; Kirsti Kari; Riitta Pajukanta; Outi Elonheimo; Markku Koskenvuo; Jukka H Meurman Journal: Clin Oral Investig Date: 2011-02-22 Impact factor: 3.573
Authors: Jenna L Riis; Dorothee Out; Lorah D Dorn; Sarah J Beal; Lee A Denson; Stephanie Pabst; Katrin Jaedicke; Douglas A Granger Journal: Dev Psychobiol Date: 2013-07-19 Impact factor: 3.038
Authors: Anna Maria Heikkinen; Elmira Pakbaznejad Esmaeili; Leena Kovanen; Hellevi Ruokonen; Kaisa Kettunen; Jari Haukka; Taina Tervahartiala; Timo Sorsa Journal: J Clin Diagn Res Date: 2017-07-01
Authors: Leena Äyräväinen; Marjatta Leirisalo-Repo; Antti Kuuliala; Kirsi Ahola; Riitta Koivuniemi; Jukka H Meurman; Anna Maria Heikkinen Journal: BMJ Open Date: 2017-01-31 Impact factor: 2.692
Authors: Anna M Heikkinen; Teija Raivisto; Ismo Räisänen; Taina Tervahartiala; Nagihan Bostanci; Timo Sorsa Journal: Clin Exp Dent Res Date: 2022-06-08
Authors: Maria de Lourdes Carvalho Bonfim; Flavio Freitas Mattos; Efigênia Ferreira e Ferreira; Ana Cristina Viana Campos; Andréa Maria Duarte Vargas Journal: BMC Oral Health Date: 2013-05-20 Impact factor: 2.757
Authors: Anna Maria Heikkinen; Kaisa Kettunen; Leena Kovanen; Jari Haukka; Jessica Elg; Heidi Husu; Taina Tervahartiala; Pirkko Pussinen; Jukka Meurman; Timo Sorsa Journal: Clin Exp Dent Res Date: 2016-09-30