BACKGROUND: Delay-related motivational processes are impaired in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Here we explore the impact of ADHD on the performance of three putative indices of Delay Aversion (DAv): (i) the choice for immediate over delayed reward; (ii) slower reaction times following delay; and (iii) increased delay-related frustration-to see whether these tap into a common DAv construct that differentiates ADHD cases from controls and shows evidence of familiality. METHOD: Seventy seven male and female individuals (age range 6-17) with a research diagnosis combined type ADHD, 65 of their siblings unaffected by ADHD and 50 non-ADHD controls completed three delay tasks. RESULTS: As predicted the size of the correlation between tasks was small but a common latent component was apparent. Children with ADHD differed from controls on all tasks (d=.4-.7) and on an overall DAv index (d=.9): The battery as a whole demonstrated moderate sensitivity and specificity. In general, deficits were equally marked in childhood and adolescence and were independent of comorbid ODD. IQ moderated the effect on the MIDA. Scores on the DAv factor co-segregated within ADHD families. DISCUSSION: There is value in exploring the broader DAv phenotype in ADHD. The results illustrate the power of multivariate approaches to endophenotypes. By highlighting the significant, but limited, role of DAv in ADHD these results are consistent with recent accounts that emphasize neuropsychological heterogeneity.
BACKGROUND: Delay-related motivational processes are impaired in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Here we explore the impact of ADHD on the performance of three putative indices of Delay Aversion (DAv): (i) the choice for immediate over delayed reward; (ii) slower reaction times following delay; and (iii) increased delay-related frustration-to see whether these tap into a common DAv construct that differentiates ADHD cases from controls and shows evidence of familiality. METHOD: Seventy seven male and female individuals (age range 6-17) with a research diagnosis combined type ADHD, 65 of their siblings unaffected by ADHD and 50 non-ADHD controls completed three delay tasks. RESULTS: As predicted the size of the correlation between tasks was small but a common latent component was apparent. Children with ADHD differed from controls on all tasks (d=.4-.7) and on an overall DAv index (d=.9): The battery as a whole demonstrated moderate sensitivity and specificity. In general, deficits were equally marked in childhood and adolescence and were independent of comorbid ODD. IQ moderated the effect on the MIDA. Scores on the DAv factor co-segregated within ADHD families. DISCUSSION: There is value in exploring the broader DAv phenotype in ADHD. The results illustrate the power of multivariate approaches to endophenotypes. By highlighting the significant, but limited, role of DAv in ADHD these results are consistent with recent accounts that emphasize neuropsychological heterogeneity.
Authors: Daniel von Rhein; Roshan Cools; Marcel P Zwiers; Marieke van der Schaaf; Barbara Franke; Marjolein Luman; Jaap Oosterlaan; Dirk J Heslenfeld; Pieter J Hoekstra; Catharina A Hartman; Stephen V Faraone; Daan van Rooij; Eelco V van Dongen; Maria Lojowska; Maarten Mennes; Jan Buitelaar Journal: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 2015-03-02 Impact factor: 8.829
Authors: A C Wood; F Rijsdijk; K A Johnson; P Andreou; B Albrecht; A Arias-Vasquez; J K Buitelaar; G McLoughlin; N N J Rommelse; J A Sergeant; E J S Sonuga-Barke; H Uebel; J J van der Meere; T Banaschewski; M Gill; I Manor; A Miranda; F Mulas; R D Oades; H Roeyers; A Rothenberger; H C Steinhausen; S V Faraone; P Asherson; J Kuntsi Journal: Psychol Med Date: 2010-06-04 Impact factor: 7.723
Authors: Catherine C Steele; Jennifer R Peterson; Andrew T Marshall; Sarah L Stuebing; Kimberly Kirkpatrick Journal: Behav Brain Res Date: 2017-11-13 Impact factor: 3.332
Authors: Rachel B Tenenbaum; Erica D Musser; Joseph S Raiker; Erika K Coles; Elizabeth M Gnagy; William E Pelham Journal: J Abnorm Child Psychol Date: 2018-07
Authors: Tobias Banaschewski; Christine Jennen-Steinmetz; Daniel Brandeis; Jan K Buitelaar; Jonna Kuntsi; Luise Poustka; Joseph A Sergeant; Edmund J Sonuga-Barke; Alexis C Frazier-Wood; Björn Albrecht; Wai Chen; Henrik Uebel; Wolff Schlotz; Jaap J van der Meere; Michael Gill; Iris Manor; Ana Miranda; Fernando Mulas; Robert D Oades; Herbert Roeyers; Aribert Rothenberger; Hans-Christoph Steinhausen; Stephen V Faraone; Philip Asherson Journal: J Child Psychol Psychiatry Date: 2012-08-06 Impact factor: 8.982