OBJECTIVE: The study describes prevalence and rates of services and medication use and associated factors over time among Puerto Rican youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD: Longitudinal data are obtained on Puerto Rican children ages 5 through 13 years in the south Bronx in New York (n = 1,138) and two metropolitan areas in Puerto Rico (n = 1,353). The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-IV is the diagnostic tool. Five composite measures of risk factors: negative family influences, ineffective structuring, environmental risks, child risks, and maternal acceptance are constructed to relate services and medication use to risk variables. RESULTS: ADHD prevalence is similar in Puerto Rico and the south Bronx. Overall mental health services, medication, and psychostimulant use is lower in Puerto Rico across three time points. Most participants never received treatment at any time point. More environmental risks, negative child traits, and low maternal warmth are associated with more services, even after adjusting for comorbidity. When risk variables are controlled, the effects of ADHD on services use decrease. Previous treatment is a strong predictor of subsequent treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of services and medication use are lower in Puerto Rico. Context seems to be more important than ethnicity in predicting mental health services and medication use among Puerto Rican children with ADHD. Other psychiatric diagnoses and general risk variables are important correlates of services and medication use.
OBJECTIVE: The study describes prevalence and rates of services and medication use and associated factors over time among Puerto Rican youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD: Longitudinal data are obtained on Puerto Rican children ages 5 through 13 years in the south Bronx in New York (n = 1,138) and two metropolitan areas in Puerto Rico (n = 1,353). The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-IV is the diagnostic tool. Five composite measures of risk factors: negative family influences, ineffective structuring, environmental risks, child risks, and maternal acceptance are constructed to relate services and medication use to risk variables. RESULTS:ADHD prevalence is similar in Puerto Rico and the south Bronx. Overall mental health services, medication, and psychostimulant use is lower in Puerto Rico across three time points. Most participants never received treatment at any time point. More environmental risks, negative child traits, and low maternal warmth are associated with more services, even after adjusting for comorbidity. When risk variables are controlled, the effects of ADHD on services use decrease. Previous treatment is a strong predictor of subsequent treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of services and medication use are lower in Puerto Rico. Context seems to be more important than ethnicity in predicting mental health services and medication use among Puerto Rican children with ADHD. Other psychiatric diagnoses and general risk variables are important correlates of services and medication use.
Authors: B B Lahey; E W Flagg; H R Bird; M E Schwab-Stone; G Canino; M K Dulcan; P J Leaf; M Davies; D Brogan; K Bourdon; S M Horwitz; M Rubio-Stipec; D H Freeman; J H Lichtman; D Shaffer; S H Goodman; W E Narrow; M M Weissman; D B Kandel; P S Jensen; J E Richters; D A Regier Journal: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 1996-07 Impact factor: 8.829
Authors: M E Schwab-Stone; D Shaffer; M K Dulcan; P S Jensen; P Fisher; H R Bird; S H Goodman; B B Lahey; J H Lichtman; G Canino; M Rubio-Stipec; D S Rae Journal: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 1996-07 Impact factor: 8.829
Authors: J C Ribera; G Canino; M Rubio-Stipec; M Bravo; J J Bauermeister; M Alegría; M Woodbury; S Huertas; L M Guevara; H R Bird; D Freeman; P E Shrout Journal: J Child Psychol Psychiatry Date: 1996-02 Impact factor: 8.982
Authors: Carmen Morcillo; Cristiane S Duarte; Sa Shen; Carlos Blanco; Glorisa Canino; Hector R Bird Journal: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 2011-04-19 Impact factor: 8.829
Authors: Jennifer S Richards; Alejandro Arias Vásquez; Nanda N J Rommelse; Jaap Oosterlaan; Pieter J Hoekstra; Barbara Franke; Catharina A Hartman; Jan K Buitelaar Journal: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 2013-12-03 Impact factor: 8.829
Authors: José J Bauermeister; Héctor R Bird; Patrick E Shrout; Ligia Chavez; Rafael Ramírez; Glorisa Canino Journal: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 2011-05-06 Impact factor: 8.829
Authors: Paul Hodgkins; L Eugene Arnold; Monica Shaw; Hervé Caci; Jennifer Kahle; Alisa G Woods; Susan Young Journal: Front Psychiatry Date: 2012-01-18 Impact factor: 4.157