Biological Rhythms Workshop IA: molecular basis of rhythms generation.

Current circadian models are based on genetic, biochemical, and structural data that, when combined, provide a comprehensive picture of the molecular basis for rhythms generation. These models describe three basic elements-input pathways, oscillator, and output pathways-to which each molecular component is assigned. The lines between these elements are often blurred because some proteins function in more than one element of the circadian system. The end result of these molecular oscillations is the same in each system (near 24-hour timing), yet the proteins involved, the interactions among those proteins, and the regulatory feedback loops differ. Here, the currentmodels for the molecular basis for rhythms generation are described for the prokaryotic cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus as well as the eukaryotic systems Neurospora crassa, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and mammals (particularly rodents).