Joseph Biederman1, Sarah W Ball2, Michael C Monuteaux2, Eric Mick2, Thomas J Spencer2, Michelle McCREARY2, Michelle Cote2, Stephen V Faraone2. 1. Drs. Biederman, Ball, Monuteaux, Mick, and Spencer, Ms. McCreary, and Ms. Cote are with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Dr. Biederman is with the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; and Dr. Faraone is with the Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University.. Electronic address: jbiederman@partners.org. 2. Drs. Biederman, Ball, Monuteaux, Mick, and Spencer, Ms. McCreary, and Ms. Cote are with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Dr. Biederman is with the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; and Dr. Faraone is with the Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and major depression (MD) in adolescent and young adult females. METHOD: Subjects were females with (n = 140) and without (n = 122) ADHD ascertained from pediatric and psychiatric settings. Subjects were followed prospectively for 5 years into adolescence and young adulthood and reassessed in multiple nonoverlapping domains including psychiatric, cognitive, interpersonal, family, and educational functioning. RESULTS: Females with ADHD had a 2.5 times higher risk for MD at adolescent follow-up compared with control females, adjusting for psychiatric comorbidity. MD in females with ADHD was associated with an earlier age at onset, greater than twice the duration, more severe depression-associated impairment, a higher rate of suicidality, and a greater likelihood of requiring psychiatric hospitalization than MD in control girls. Parental MD and proband mania were significant predictors of MD among females with ADHD, independently of other predictors. CONCLUSIONS: MD emerging in the context of ADHD in females is an impairing and severe comorbidity worthy of further clinical and scientific considerations.
OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and major depression (MD) in adolescent and young adult females. METHOD: Subjects were females with (n = 140) and without (n = 122) ADHD ascertained from pediatric and psychiatric settings. Subjects were followed prospectively for 5 years into adolescence and young adulthood and reassessed in multiple nonoverlapping domains including psychiatric, cognitive, interpersonal, family, and educational functioning. RESULTS: Females with ADHD had a 2.5 times higher risk for MD at adolescent follow-up compared with control females, adjusting for psychiatric comorbidity. MD in females with ADHD was associated with an earlier age at onset, greater than twice the duration, more severe depression-associated impairment, a higher rate of suicidality, and a greater likelihood of requiring psychiatric hospitalization than MD in control girls. Parental MD and proband mania were significant predictors of MD among females with ADHD, independently of other predictors. CONCLUSIONS: MD emerging in the context of ADHD in females is an impairing and severe comorbidity worthy of further clinical and scientific considerations.
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