Gankyrin oncoprotein overexpression as a critical factor for tumor growth in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its clinical significance.

To elucidate the possible involvement of gankyrin in ESCC progression and the effect of its down-regulation in ESCC, we investigated the expression of gankyrin in ESCC tissues comparing it with the corresponding normal esophageal epithelia and tested a short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression vector for gankyrin in ESCC cell lines. Gankyrin protein expression in 11 ESCC cell lines (KYSE series) was examined by RT-PCR and western blot. The expression of gankyrin mRNA in 30 ESCC tissues was compared with the corresponding normal epithelia by Real-time PCR. Expression of gankyrin protein was immunohistochemically analyzed in the ESCC of 103 patients. A gankyrin-shRNA vector was stably transfected into KYSE 170 cells to assess the role of gankyrin in cell motility, invasion and proliferation in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. Gankyrin expression increased in all 11 ESCC cell lines. Real-time PCR revealed that gankyrin expression was higher in the cancerous tissue for all 30 patients. In immunohistochemistry, gankyrin overexpression was correlated with lower survival rate (p = 0.0001), extent of the primary tumor, lymph node metastasis, distant lymph node metastasis and stage (p = 0.0072, p = 0.0004, p = 0.0172 and p = 0.0002, respectively). A shRNA vector against gankyrin repressed growth, cell motility, invasiveness in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. Gankyrin overexpression is associated with poor prognosis. It may play an important role in ESCC tumor progression and could be a potentially important therapeutic gene target in ESCC. Copyright 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.