Treatment selection and outcomes: ureteral calculi.

The most important recent advances in the management of ureteral calculi have been the development of medical expulsive therapy to facilitate passage of ureteral stones, such that many calculi that would previously have required procedural treatment now exit the ureter with only pharmacologic treatment; and the improvements in ureteroscopic technology that have enabled retrograde ureteroscopy to become a first-line option for most ureteral stones. Shock wave lithotripsy still plays an important role for many ureteral calculi, particularly smaller ones, and the addition of percutaneous/antegrade ureteroscopy and laparoscopic ureterolithotomy rounds out the treatment options for large or impacted stones. Selection of treatment based upon factors such as size, location, and others will optimize outcome for patients who have ureteral calculi.