Characterization of a temperature-controlled FAIMS system.

High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) focuses and separates gas-phase analyte ions from chemical background, offering substantial improvements in the detection of targeted species in biological matrices. Ion separations have been typically performed at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature, although routine small molecule quantitation by LC-MS (and thus LC-FAIMS-MS) is generally performed at liquid flow rates (e.g., in excess of 200 microL/min) in which atmospheric pressure ionization sources (e.g., APCI and ESI) need to be run at elevated temperatures to enhance ion desolvation. Heat from the ionization source and/or the mass spectrometer capillary interface is shown to have a significant impact on the performance of a conventional FAIMS electrode set. This study introduces a new FAIMS system that uses gas heating/cooling to quickly reach temperature equilibrium independent of the external temperature conditions. A series of equations and balance plots, which look at the effect of temperature and other variables, on the normalized field strength (E/N), are introduced and used to explain experimental observations. Examples where the ion behavior deviates from the predicted behavior are presented and explanations based on clusters or changes in ion-neutral interactions are given. Consequences of the use of temperature control, and in particular advantages of using different temperature settings on the inner and outer electrodes, for the purpose of manipulating ion separation are described.