Spatial release from masking of aerial tones in pinnipeds.

In most masking experiments, target signals and sound intended to mask are located in the same position. Spatial release from masking (SRM) occurs when signals and maskers are spatially separated, resulting in detection improvement relative to when they are spatially co-located. In this study, SRM was investigated in a harbor seal, who naturally lacks pinnae, and California sea lion, who possesses reduced pinnae. Subjects had to detect aerial tones at 1, 8, and 16 kHz in the presence of octave bands of white noise centered at the tone frequency. While the masker occurred in front of the subject (0 degree), the tone occurred at 0, 45, or 90 degrees in the horizontal plane. Unmasked thresholds were also measured at these angles to determine sensitivity differences based on source azimuth. Compared to when signal and masker where co-located, masked thresholds were lower by as much as 19 and 12 dB in the harbor seal and sea lion, respectively, when signal and masker were separated. Masked threshold differences of the harbor seal were larger than those previously measured under water. Performance was consistent with some measurements collected on terrestrial animals but differences between subjects at the highest frequency likely reflect variations in pinna anatomy.