Hysterectomy and sexual function.

Hysterectomy is one of the most common major gynaecological operations performed in the UK and the USA. Its impact on sexual function is a major cause of preoperative anxiety. Unfortunately, this anxiety is seldom articulated by patients, nor recognized and discussed by clinicians. Reports about the impact of hysterectomy on sexual function have been conflicting, partly due to the use of different and often unsatisfactory parameters to assess sexual function. The aim of this review is to assess the current evidence about the effect of hysterectomy on sexual function. Female sexual function is governed by psychological, social and physiological factors. A new model of 'the sexual response cycle', comprising physical, emotional and cognitive feedback, helps explain the sexual difficulties that arise before and after hysterectomy. Evidence is lacking for sexual dysfunction caused by the disruption of local nerve and blood supply, or by changing anatomical relationships. Removal of the ovaries at hysterectomy is associated with no change or even an improvement in sexual function, particularly in women on hormone replacement therapy. Thus, overall, hysterectomy improves sexual function, regardless of surgical method or removal of the cervix. This is probably due to the amelioration of the symptoms that have previously had a negative effect on sexual function.