Dose-area product measurements in panoramic dental radiology.

In this study, dose-area product (DAP) measurements in panoramic dental radiology have been performed in Germany. The results obtained in this study were proposed as diagnostic reference levels (DRLs). A representative number of dental panoramic units, both with digital and conventional image receptors, have been chosen. Common statistical parameters such as mean, standard deviation and 3rd quartile have been calculated. For four different standard programmes, 'large adult', 'adult male', 'adult female' and 'child', the proposed DRLs are 101, 87, 84 and 75 mGy cm(2), respectively. No clear tendency to a generalised dose reduction from the transition to digital techniques has been observed. Effective doses have been calculated from E/DAP conversion factors published in literature. Even though these values differ by a factor of approximately 3, upper limits of 15.8-21.2 microSv for the four different exposure settings were derived from the data.