Speech of cochlear implant patients: a longitudinal study of vowel production.

Acoustic parameters were measured for vowels spoken in /hVd/ context by four postlingually deafened recipients of multichannel (Ineraid) cochlear implants. Three of the subjects became totally deaf in adulthood after varying periods of partial hearing loss; the fourth became totally deaf at age four. The subjects received different degrees of perceptual benefit from the prosthesis. Recordings were made before, and at intervals following speech processor activation. The measured parameters included F1, F2, F0, SPL, duration, and amplitude difference between the first two harmonic peaks in the log magnitude spectrum (H 1-H2). Numerous changes in parameter values were observed from pre- to post-implant, with differences among subjects. Many changes, but not all, were in the direction of normative data, and most changes were consistent with hypotheses about relations among the parameters. Some of the changes tended to enhance phonemic contrasts; others had the opposite effect. For three subjects, H 1-H2 changed in a direction consistent with measurements of their average air flow when reading; that relation was more complex for the fourth subject. The results are interpreted with respect to: characteristics of the individual subjects, including vowel identification scores; mechanical interactions among glottal and supraglottal articulations; and hypotheses about the role of auditory feedback in the control of speech production. Almost all the observed differences could be attributed to changes in the average settings of speaking rate, F0 and SPL, which presumably can be perceived without the need for spectral place information. Some observed F2 realignment may be attributable to the reception of spectral cues.