OBJECTIVES: This report describes a study to explore the possibility of using data on sales of over-the- counter (OTC) medications as part of a routine syndromic surveillance system aimed at early detection of infections of public health concern. A retrospective evaluation was conducted of sales of OTC medications used to treat the common cold. This report discusses the correlation of these data to influenza activity in Japan during the 2003-04 influenza season and evaluates the potential of using such data to predict influenza epidemics. METHODS: Data from approximately 1,100 pharmacies throughout Japan collected during November 2003-April 2004 were analyzed. OTC sales data were compared with influenza incidence data (one weekly and two daily data sets) to determine correlations and predictability. Adjusted R-square was used as an index of goodness of-fit in the estimation. Data reflecting daily influenza activity were obtained from the National Surveillance of Daily Influenza Outpatients and the Mailing List-Based Influenza Epidemic Database. National sentinel surveillance data for influenza from approximately 5,000 sites nationwide also were analyzed. RESULTS: Although a correlation was demonstrated between sales of OTC medications used to treat the common cold and concurrent influenza activity, analysis of sales data alone was not sufficient to determine influenza activity in advance even when sales promotion effects were excluded from the analysis. CONCLUSION: Because visiting a health-care provider costs more than purchasing OTC medications, the hypothesis was formed that an ill person will purchase OTC medications first and visit a physician only if the condition does not resolve or worsens. The results of this study do not provide any clear evidence to support this hypothesis. For this reason, OTC sales do not appear to be a good candidate for a national real-time detection system for influenza epidemics in Japan.
OBJECTIVES: This report describes a study to explore the possibility of using data on sales of over-the- counter (OTC) medications as part of a routine syndromic surveillance system aimed at early detection of infections of public health concern. A retrospective evaluation was conducted of sales of OTC medications used to treat the common cold. This report discusses the correlation of these data to influenza activity in Japan during the 2003-04 influenza season and evaluates the potential of using such data to predict influenza epidemics. METHODS: Data from approximately 1,100 pharmacies throughout Japan collected during November 2003-April 2004 were analyzed. OTC sales data were compared with influenza incidence data (one weekly and two daily data sets) to determine correlations and predictability. Adjusted R-square was used as an index of goodness of-fit in the estimation. Data reflecting daily influenza activity were obtained from the National Surveillance of Daily Influenza Outpatients and the Mailing List-Based Influenza Epidemic Database. National sentinel surveillance data for influenza from approximately 5,000 sites nationwide also were analyzed. RESULTS: Although a correlation was demonstrated between sales of OTC medications used to treat the common cold and concurrent influenza activity, analysis of sales data alone was not sufficient to determine influenza activity in advance even when sales promotion effects were excluded from the analysis. CONCLUSION: Because visiting a health-care provider costs more than purchasing OTC medications, the hypothesis was formed that an ill person will purchase OTC medications first and visit a physician only if the condition does not resolve or worsens. The results of this study do not provide any clear evidence to support this hypothesis. For this reason, OTC sales do not appear to be a good candidate for a national real-time detection system for influenza epidemics in Japan.
Authors: Cees C van den Wijngaard; Liselotte van Asten; Wilfrid van Pelt; Gerda Doornbos; Nico J D Nagelkerke; Gé A Donker; Wim van der Hoek; Marion P G Koopmans Journal: PLoS One Date: 2010-04-29 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Sylvain DeLisle; Brett South; Jill A Anthony; Ericka Kalp; Adi Gundlapallli; Frank C Curriero; Greg E Glass; Matthew Samore; Trish M Perl Journal: PLoS One Date: 2010-10-14 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Sungjin Cho; Chang Hwan Sohn; Min Woo Jo; Soo-Yong Shin; Jae Ho Lee; Seoung Mok Ryoo; Won Young Kim; Dong-Woo Seo Journal: PLoS One Date: 2013-12-05 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Cees van den Wijngaard; Liselotte van Asten; Wilfrid van Pelt; Nico J D Nagelkerke; Robert Verheij; Albert J de Neeling; Arnold Dekkers; Marianne A B van der Sande; Hans van Vliet; Marion P G Koopmans Journal: Emerg Infect Dis Date: 2008-06 Impact factor: 6.883