Appetite: measurement and manipulation misgivings.

Humans appear to have a genotype that permits, or even encourages, an energy intake that is greater than energy expenditure when food is available. This was functional throughout most of human evolution but is less so in the current environment of inexpensive, palatable, and readily available foods. To achieve dietary goals of weight loss or maintenance, attempts have been made to influence appetitive sensations through the manipulation of the physical properties of foods, their composition, or their pattern of consumption. This has led to limited success, in part, because measurement of appetitive sensations is difficult but, more fundamentally, because the association between appetite and food choice or intake is not robust. This article critically reviews the most common methods for assessment of appetite and the effects of selected food constituents on appetitive sensations. Translation of current knowledge to dietetic practice must be made cautiously.