Physical methods for gene transfer: improving the kinetics of gene delivery into cells.

One factor critical to successful gene therapy is the development of efficient delivery systems. Although advances in gene transfer technology, including viral and non-viral vectors, have been made, an ideal vector system has not yet been constructed. This review describes the basic principles behind various physical methods for gene transfer and assesses the advantages and performance of such approaches, compared to other transfection systems. In particular, the kinetics and efficiency of gene delivery, the toxicity, in vivo feasibility, and targeting ability of different physical methodologies are discussed and evaluated.