OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between physician-documented diagnoses of maternal autoimmune diseases, allergies, and asthma around the time of pregnancy and subsequent diagnoses of autism in children. DESIGN: A case-control study nested within a cohort of infants born between January 1995 and June 1999. SETTING: Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program. PARTICIPANTS: Cases (n = 420) were children with at least 1 diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) recorded in Kaiser Permanente outpatient clinical databases. Controls (n = 2100) were children without an ASD diagnosis who were frequency matched to cases on sex, birth year, and hospital of birth. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequencies of maternal immunologic disorders were compared between cases and controls with a chi2 statistic, and relative risks were estimated by crude and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using logistic regression. RESULTS: The final study population included 407 cases and 2095 controls. A similar proportion of case and control mothers had a diagnosis of any autoimmune disease in the 4-year period surrounding pregnancy (10.3% vs 8.2%, P = .15). After adjustment for maternal factors, only 1 autoimmune condition, psoriasis, was significantly associated with ASDs (adjusted odds ratio, 2.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-5.8). A greater than 2-fold elevated risk of ASD was observed for maternal asthma and allergy diagnoses recorded during the second trimester of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that maternal autoimmune disorders present in women around the time of pregnancy are unlikely to contribute significantly to autism risk. Further etiologic investigations are needed to confirm these results and should include objective documentation of diagnoses and consider a larger set of maternal immune-related conditions, including asthma and allergies.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between physician-documented diagnoses of maternal autoimmune diseases, allergies, and asthma around the time of pregnancy and subsequent diagnoses of autism in children. DESIGN: A case-control study nested within a cohort of infants born between January 1995 and June 1999. SETTING: Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program. PARTICIPANTS: Cases (n = 420) were children with at least 1 diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) recorded in Kaiser Permanente outpatient clinical databases. Controls (n = 2100) were children without an ASD diagnosis who were frequency matched to cases on sex, birth year, and hospital of birth. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequencies of maternal immunologic disorders were compared between cases and controls with a chi2 statistic, and relative risks were estimated by crude and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using logistic regression. RESULTS: The final study population included 407 cases and 2095 controls. A similar proportion of case and control mothers had a diagnosis of any autoimmune disease in the 4-year period surrounding pregnancy (10.3% vs 8.2%, P = .15). After adjustment for maternal factors, only 1 autoimmune condition, psoriasis, was significantly associated with ASDs (adjusted odds ratio, 2.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-5.8). A greater than 2-fold elevated risk of ASD was observed for maternal asthma and allergy diagnoses recorded during the second trimester of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that maternal autoimmune disorders present in women around the time of pregnancy are unlikely to contribute significantly to autism risk. Further etiologic investigations are needed to confirm these results and should include objective documentation of diagnoses and consider a larger set of maternal immune-related conditions, including asthma and allergies.
Authors: Marjannie Eloi Akintunde; Melissa Rose; Paula Krakowiak; Luke Heuer; Paul Ashwood; Robin Hansen; Irva Hertz-Picciotto; Judy Van de Water Journal: J Neuroimmunol Date: 2015-07-11 Impact factor: 3.478
Authors: Nikki J Kirkman; Jane E Libbey; Thayne L Sweeten; Hilary H Coon; Judith N Miller; Edward K Stevenson; Janet E Lainhart; William M McMahon; Robert S Fujinami Journal: J Autism Dev Disord Date: 2007-06-20
Authors: Cheryl K Walker; Paula Krakowiak; Alice Baker; Robin L Hansen; Sally Ozonoff; Irva Hertz-Picciotto Journal: JAMA Pediatr Date: 2015-02 Impact factor: 16.193
Authors: Jared J Schwartzer; Milo Careaga; Morgan A Coburn; Destanie R Rose; Heather K Hughes; Paul Ashwood Journal: Brain Behav Immun Date: 2016-09-10 Impact factor: 7.217