In vivo biofluid dynamic imaging in the developing zebrafish.

Flow-structure interactions are ubiquitous in nature, and are important factors in the proper development of form and function in living organisms. In order to uncover the mechanisms by which flow-structure interactions affect vertebrate development, we first need to establish the techniques necessary to quantitatively describe the fluid flow environment within the embryo. To do this, we must bring dynamic, in vivo imaging methods to bear on living systems. Traditional avian and mammalian model systems can be problematic in this regard. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is widely accepted as an excellent model organism for the study of vertebrate biology, as it shows substantial anatomical and genetic conservation with higher vertebrates, including humans. Their small size, optical transparency, and external development make zebrafish the ideal model system for dynamic imaging. This article reviews the current state of research in imaging biofluid flow within and around developing zebrafish embryos, with an emphasis on dynamic imaging modalities. (c) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.