Effect of human grip strategy on force control in precision tasks.

Alternate grip strategies are often used for object manipulation in individuals with sensorimotor deficits. To determine the effect of grip type on force control, ten healthy adult subjects were asked to grip and lift a small manipulandum using a traditional precision grip (lateral pinch), a pinch grip with the fingers oriented downwards (downward pinch) and a "key grip" between the thumb and the side of the index finger. The sequence of grip type and hand used was varied randomly after every ten lifts. Each of the three grips resulted in different levels of force, with the key grip strategy resulting in the greatest grip force and the downward pinch grip using the least amount of grip force to lift the device. Cross-correlation analysis revealed that the ability to scale accurately the rate of grip force and load force changes was lowest in the downward pinch grip. This was also associated with a more variable time-shift between the two forces, indicating that the precise anticipatory control when lifting an object is diminished in this grip strategy. There was a difference between hands across all grips, with the left non-dominant hand using greater grip force during the lift but not the hold phase. Further, in contrast with the right hand, the left hand did not reduce grip force during the lift or the hold phase over the ten lifts, suggesting that the non-dominant hand did not quickly learn to optimise grip force. These findings suggest that the alternate grip strategies used by patients with limited fine motor control, such as following stroke, may partly explain the disruption of force control during object manipulation.