Perspectives in clinical uses of high-intensity focused ultrasound.

Focused ultrasound holds promise in a large number of therapeutic applications. It has long been known that high intensity focused ultrasound can kill tissue through coagulative necrosis. However, it is only in recent years that practical clinical applications are becoming possible, with the development of high power ultrasound phased arrays and noninvasive monitoring methods. These technologies, combined with more sophisticated treatment planning methods allow noninvasive focusing in areas such as the brain, that were once thought to be unreachable. Meanwhile, exciting investigations are underway in microbubble-enhanced heating which could significantly reduce treatment times. These developments have promoted an increase in the number of potential applications by providing valuable new tools for medical research. This paper provides an overview of the scientific and engineering advances that are allowing the growth in clinical focused ultrasound applications. It also discusses some of these prospective applications, including the treatment of brain disorders and targeted drug delivery.