Fine mapping of a malting-quality QTL complex near the chromosome 4H S telomere in barley.

Malting quality has long been an active objective in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) breeding programs.However, it is difficult for breeders to manipulate malting-quality traits because of inheritance complexity and difficulty in evaluation of these quantitative traits. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping provides breeders a promising basis with which to manipulate quantitative trait genes. A malting-quality QTL complex, QTL2, was mapped previously to a 30-cM interval in the short-arm telomere region of barley chromosome 4H in a "Step-toe"/"Morex" doubled haploid population by the North American Barley Genome Project, using an interval mapping method with a relatively low-resolution genetic map. The QTL2 complex has moderate effects on several malting-quality traits, including malt extract percentage(ME), a-amylase activity (AA), diastatic power (DP), malt 13-glucan content (BG), and seed dormancy, which makes it a promising candidate gene source in malting barley-cultivar development. Fine mapping QTL2 is desirable for precisely studying barley malting-quality trait inheritance and for efficiently manipulating QTL2 in breeding. A reciprocal-substitution mapping method was employed to fine map QTL2. Molecular marker-assisted backcrossing was used to facilitate the generation of isolines. Fourteen different types of "Steptoe" isolines, including regenerated "Steptoe" and 13 different types of "Morex" isolines,including regenerated "Morex", were made within a 41.5-cM interval between MWG634 and BCD265B on chromosome 4H. Duplicates were identified for 12 "Steptoe" and 12 "Morex" isoline types. The isolines together with "Steptoe" and "Morex" were grown variously at three locations in 2 years for a total of five field environments.Four malting-quality traits were measured: ME, DP, AA,and BG. Few significant differences were found between duplicate isolines for these traits. A total of 15 putative QTLs were mapped; three for ME, four for DP, six for AA,and two for BG. Background genotype seemed to make a difference in expression/detection of QTLs. Of the 15 QTLs identified, ten were from the "Morex" and only five from the "Steptoe" background. By combining the results from different years, field environments, and genetic backgrounds and taking into account overlapping QTLsegments, six QTLs can be conservatively estimated: two each for ME and AA and one each for DP and BG with chromosome segments ranging from 0.7 cM to 27.9 cM. A segment of 15.8 cM from the telomere (MWG634-CDO669) includes all or a portion of all QTLs identified. Further study and marker-assisted breeding should focus on this 15.8-cM chromosome region.