A novel approach to describe a U1 snRNA binding site.

RNA duplex formation between U1 snRNA and a splice donor (SD) site can protect pre-mRNA from degradation prior to splicing and initiates formation of the spliceosome. This process was monitored, using sub-genomic HIV-1 expression vectors, by expression analysis of the glycoprotein env, whose formation critically depends on functional SD4. We systematically derived a hydrogen bond model for the complementarity between the free 5' end of U1 snRNA and 5' splice sites and numerous mutations following transient transfection of HeLa-T4+ cells with 5' splice site mutated vectors. The resulting model takes into account number, interdependence and neighborhood relationships of predicted hydrogen bond formation in a region spanning the three most 3' base pairs of the exon (-3 to -1) and the eight most 5' base pairs of the intron (+1 to +8). The model is represented by an algorithm classifying U1 snRNA binding sites which can or cannot functionally substitute SD4 with respect to Rev-mediated env expression. In a data set of 5' splice site mutations of the human ATM gene we found a significant correlation between the algorithmic classification and exon skipping (P = 0.018, chi2-test), showing that the applicability of the proposed model reaches far beyond HIV-1 splicing. However, the algorithmic classification must not be taken as an absolute measure of SD usage as it may be modified by upstream sequence elements. Upstream to SD4 we identified a fragment supporting ASF/SF2 binding. Mutating GAR nucleotide repeats within this site decreased the SD4-dependent Rev-mediated env expression, which could be balanced simply by artificially increasing the complementarity of SD4.