Introduction to apoptosis in ophthalmology.

Apoptosis represents a mode of cellular death genetically programmed to maintain homeostasis of tissues. In specific pathologic circumstances, the death program may be activated by various environmental factors such as exposure to toxic substances or bacteria or deprivation of nutrients. From this point of view, apoptosis is considered the final event in several pathologies. In ophthalmology, experimental evidence has confirmed that apoptosis is a type of cellular death involved in various pathologic processes including glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, ischemic retinopathy, corneal reparative processes, cataract, and retinoblastoma. The aim of this article is to review the most recent results published in this field and to describe some of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the activation of the apoptotic program in some important ocular disorders. The understanding of such mechanisms could outline new therapeutic strategies for the prevention of cellular death in ophthalmology.