Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery.

In 1995, it was reported that 60,000 to 75,000 anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions were being performed annually in the United States. Successful long-term results are achieved in 75% to 95% of these patients, but 8% have unsatisfactory results due to recurrent instability and graft failure. With the increasing popularity of this procedure, ACL revision surgery has also become increasingly common. While the techniques described for ACL revision have been varied, the overall results in the literature do not compare favorably with primary ACL reconstruction. The proper execution of revision ACL reconstruction requires precise preoperative planning to assess the cause of initial failure and avoid repeating the same mistakes with revision reconstruction. Graft choice, hardware removal, revision notchplasty, tunnel placement, and method of fixation are key points for a successful result. The causes of ACL failure, the technical aspects of revision ACL surgery, and the reported results of revision ACL surgery are reviewed.