Fluorinated amino acids in protein design and engineering.

Selective incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins is a powerful tool for illuminating the principles of protein design. In particular, fluorinated amino acids have recently emerged as valuable building blocks for designing hyperstable protein folds, as well as directing highly specific protein-protein interactions. We review the collagen mimetic and coiled coil peptide systems that exemplify generalizable paradigms for future design. The unique electronic and phase properties of fluorocarbons are discussed, and protein synthesis using unnatural amino acids is briefly reviewed.