Implantable chemical sensors for real-time clinical monitoring: progress and challenges.

Recently, progress has been made in the development of implantable chemical sensors capable of real-time monitoring of clinically important species such as PO(2), PCO(2), pH, glucose and lactate. The need for developing truly biocompatible materials for sensor fabrication remains the most significant challenge for achieving robust and reliable sensors capable of monitoring the real-time physiological status of patients.