Complications of invasive monitoring.

Invasive monitoring in anesthesiology is relatively safe. Arterial catheterization in particular has an extremely low rate of serious complications. Radial, brachial, and femoral artery catheterization sites appear to have similar and low complication rates. CVP and PA catheters are more dangerous and entail potentially fatal complications. The most troublesome complication with CVP catheters is perforation of the heart or cava, which should be avoidable under most circumstances if care is taken to position the catheter properly, outside the heart. Chest radiography should be used to specifically ascertain that the catheter is not in a dangerous location. The most troublesome complication with PA catheters is perforation of the pulmonary artery. This is probably a sporadic problem, and it is not necessarily avoidable by adherence to particular techniques. It should be assumed that hemoptysis in a patient with a PA catheter is caused by perforation of the pulmonary artery until proven otherwise, and it should be treated aggressively.