Locally advanced and metastatic bladder cancer.

Metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is an aggressive neoplasm characterized by rapid growth and dissemination with a median survival of typically less than 1 year. Despite the availability of a myriad of antineoplastics with moderate-significant anti-tumor activity yielding overall response rates in the 40% to 80% range, randomized trials continue to demonstrate median survival rates in the 13- to14-month range, with very limited long-term survival. Subsets of patients with advanced bladder cancer present additional management problems, including those with renal insufficiency or nontransitional-cell histology. Various observers have noted the similarity in treatment outcomes in advanced bladder cancer and extensive small cell lung cancer where chemotherapy produces relatively high response rates but with limited impact on survival. The optimal chemotherapy combination for patients with advanced bladder cancer remains undefined, however, there is increasing recognition that in order to achieve tangible improvements in complete response rates and survival in this disease will likely require a combination of chemotherapy and targeted molecular therapies and in some settings adjunctive surgery.