Responses of Listeria monocytogenes to acid stress and glucose availability revealed by a novel combination of fluorescence microscopy and microelectrode ion-selective techniques.

Fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy and microelectrode ion flux estimation techniques were combined to study mechanisms of pH homeostasis in Listeria monocytogenes subjected to acid stress at different levels of glucose availability. This novel combination provided a unique opportunity to measure changes in H(+) at either side of the bacterial membrane in real time and therefore to evaluate the rate of H(+) flux across the bacterial plasma membrane and its contribution to bacterial pH homeostasis. Responses were assessed at external pHs (pH(o)) between 3.0 and 6.0 for three levels of glucose (0, 1, and 10 mM) in the medium. Both the intracellular pH (pH(i)) and net H(+) fluxes were affected by the glucose concentration in the medium, with the highest absolute values corresponding to the highest glucose concentration. In the presence of glucose, the pH(i) remained above 7.0 within a pH(o) range of 4 to 6 and decreased below pH(o) 4. Above pH(o) 4, H(+) extrusion increased correspondingly, with the maximum value at pH(o) 5.5, and below pH(o) 4, a net H(+) influx was observed. Without glucose in the medium, the pH(i) decreased, and a net H(+) influx was observed below pH(o) 5.5. A high correlation (R = 0.75 to 0.92) between the pH(i) and net H(+) flux changes is reported, indicating that the two processes are complementary. The results obtained support other reports indicating that membrane transport processes are the main contributors to the process of pH(i) homeostasis in L. monocytogenes subjected to acid stress.