Forming and canceling everyday intentions: implications for prospective remembering.

The intention superiority effect (ISE) is characterized by faster response time to task material intended for future performance than to neutral material with no associated intention or material that is linked to a canceled intention. The existence of the ISE has been explored here under naturalistic conditions in which participants self-initiate an intention that is of personal relevance to them. Participants were required to remember prospective tasks that were presented under the guise of preparatory tasks for the next participant. After encoding a pair of tasks, they were informed that one task no longer needed to be performed. Subsequent lexical decision data exhibited the expected effect of faster response time for intended items than for canceled items (experimental groups in Experiments 1A and 1B). No differences in response time were observed between two sets of canceled items (control group in Experiment 1A). When an intention coexisted with the expectation that a written description of the task would be available, no reliable difference in latencies for these items and canceled items was observed (control group in Experiment 1B). The results are discussed in terms of facilitatory and inhibitory processes that may allow us to contend with many intentions in everyday scenarios.