Experimental atherosclerosis: a historical overview.

Almost one-hundred years ago the first evidence of experimental atherosclerosis was reported. Over the past century, significant advances have been made in the development of animal models of human coronary artery disease. In this minireview, induction of atherosclerotic lesions in several animal models including rodents (mice, rabbits, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs), avian (pigeons, chickens, quail), swine, carnivora (dogs, cats), and non-human primates is discussed. The limitations and advantages of the animal models of atherosclerosis have been summarized. The transgenic/knockout animal models have greatly enhanced our understanding of atherosclerosis. Compared to wild-type counterparts, the knockout/transgenic animals develop atherogenesis faster without a need for a highly atherogenic diet. Although almost all investigations support a causal role for increased plasma cholesterol levels in the development of atherosclerotic vascular disease, an increasing body of evidence indicates serious invqlvement of other factors including oxidative stress, inflammation, infection and other emerging risk factors.