The privacy of Tutankhamen--utilising the genetic information in stored tissue samples.

Recent technical developments in genetic testing has led to a situation where the DNA in previously stored tissue samples can be extracted and used for genetic analysis. This raises the question of how to decide whether a specific use of such samples should be allowed. Using the genetic testing of ancient DNA in general, and the DNA of the pharaoh Tutankhamen in particular as examples this paper analyses the question. It investigates whether ethical frameworks based on proxy consent, cultural affiliation, ownership, or the privacy rights of the dead are appropriate and justifiable in this context. The conclusion is that frameworks based on proxy consent, cultural affiliation, and ownership are not very useful.