Electrical stimulation: a reflection on current clinical practices.

This paper briefly reviews the basic principles of several clinical applications of electrical stimulation for therapeutic purposes. It is intended to facilitate the integration of electrical stimulation into routine clinical practice by clarifying the terminology and standard conventions of the field, explaining the delivery capabilities of common electrical stimulators commercially available for clinical use, summarizing several examples of evidence-based therapeutic applications, and providing guidelines for selection of most commonly used treatment parameters. Rather than an exhaustive survey of the field, the presentation touches broadly on guidelines for use of transcutaneous electrical stimulation employing surface electrodes for the purposes of analgesia (TENS), drug delivery (iontophoresis), or neuromuscular rehabilitation (NMES), as well as other selected clinical applications. The paper is a general review of common clinical practices of electrotherapy and should serve as an introduction to the important factors for clinicians to consider when contemplating electrical stimulation as a treatment option.