Plasmodium falciparum: a comparative analysis of the genetic diversity in malaria-mesoendemic areas of Brazil and Madagascar.

For a better definition of the polymorphic features of Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) typing technique was used to investigate the genetic diversity and complexity of parasites harbored by acute P. falciparum carriers from three yet unexplored malaria-mesoendemic areas with different transmission levels: two localities in northwestern Brazil (Ariquemes and Porto Velho) and a village in Madagascar (Ankazobe). A total of 89 DNA samples were analyzed by amplification of polymorphic domains from genes encoding merozoite surface antigens 1 and 2 (MSP-1, MSP-2) and thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) and by hybridization with allelic-family-specific probes or random-fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP). In all three localities, extensive polymorphism was observed for each marker, but the MSP-2 central repeat was the most diverse one. Similar levels of genetic diversity, allelic frequency, and infection complexity were observed in the two Brazilian localities, although the isolates had been sampled at 2-year intervals, suggesting the stability of the infecting parasite populations presenting in these regions of the Brazilian Amazon. Unexpectedly, although the entomologic inoculation rate was at least 3 times lower in Ankazobe than in the Brazilian areas. Malagasi samples appeared more complex than the Brazilian ones. The implications of these data with regard to parasite population-dynamics studies are discussed.