Binaural interactions in primary auditory cortex of the awake macaque.

The functional organization of primary auditory cortex in non-primates is generally modeled as a tonotopic gradient with an orthogonal representation of independently mapped binaural interaction columns along the isofrequency contours. Little information is available regarding the validity of this model in the primate brain, despite the importance of binaural cues for sound localization and auditory scene analysis. Binaural and monaural responses of A1 to pure tone stimulation were studied using auditory evoked potentials, current source density and multiunit activity. Key findings include: (i) differential distribution of binaural responses with respect to best frequency, such that 74% of the sites exhibiting binaural summation had best frequencies below 2000 Hz; (ii) the pattern of binaural responses was variable with respect to cortical depth, with binaural summation often observed in the supragranular laminae of sites showing binaural suppression in thalamorecipient laminae; and (iii) dissociation of binaural responses between the initial and sustained action potential firing of neuronal ensembles in A1. These data support earlier findings regarding the temporal and spatial complexity of responses in A1 in the awake state, and are inconsistent with a simple orthogonal arrangement of binaural interaction columns and best frequency in A1 of the awake primate.