Testing the equality of two dependent kappa statistics.

Procedures are developed and compared for testing the equality of two dependent kappa statistics in the case of two raters and a dichotomous outcome variable. Such problems may arise when each of a sample of subjects are rated under two distinct settings, and it is of interest to compare the observed levels of inter-observer and intra-observer agreement. The procedures compared are extensions of previously developed procedures for comparing kappa statistics computed from independent samples. The results of a Monte Carlo simulation show that adjusting for the dependency between samples tends to be worthwhile only if the between-setting correlation is comparable in magnitude to the within-setting correlations. In this case, a goodness-of-fit procedure that takes into account the dependency between samples is recommended. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.