Sonographic depiction of tumor vascularity and flow: from in vivo models to clinical applications.

This review discusses and illustrates the sonographic depiction and quantification of tumor vascularity and flow using three-dimensional color Doppler sonography. The potential clinical applications mentioned here are based on work done with in vivo tumor models and as well as extensive clinical experience with this technique. Three-dimensional color Doppler sonography, as used with contrast agents and novel imaging techniques, has significant current and potential clinical application for detailed depiction of tumor vascularity and flow. This technique can provide important information concerning changes in tumor vascularity and flow related to various biologic, chemical, and radiation therapies as demonstrated in animals and a few human studies. Additional animal and human studies are needed for further refinement and eventual clinical application of this technique.